Infra-class II. Eutheria

1. Placental mammals.
2. Vagina single

Order 1. Insectivora

• Snout long and tapered. Teeth sharp, pomted.
• Feet usually 5-toed.
  Example :- Moles, Shrews. Talpa, Scolopus, Erinaceus and
  Sorex

Order 2. Dermoptera

• Resemble flying squirrels in appearance.
• Forelimbs equal and included with tail in a wide, thin, fur-covered parachute (patagium).
  Example :- Flying lemurs. Cynocephalus (= Galeopithicus)

Order 3. Chiroptera

• Flying mammals.
• Integumental flight membrane or wing comprises forelimbs, 2nd to 5th digits, hind limbs and tail in some.

Sub-order 1. Megachiroptera

1. 1. 1. Sleep by day on tree branches, hanging head downwards with wings folded.
      2. Feed on fruits.
         Example :- Flying foxes (Fruit bats). Pteropus, Cynopterus.

Sub-order 2. Microchiroptera

1. 1. 1. Hang by hind claws, head downwards during day.
      2. Gregarious or solitary.
         Example :- Insectivorous bats. Myotis, Desmodis and Vespertilo

Order 4. Edentata

• Teeth reduced to molars in forepart of jaw.
• Toes clawed.
  Example :- Sloths. Dasypus, Bradypus. Choloepus

Order 5. Pholidota

• Body covered by large overlapping. plates with sparse hair between.
• No teeth. Tongue slender for capturing insects.
  Example :- Scaly anteaters (Manis)

Order 6. Primates

• Head turns readly on neck.
• Innermost toe and thumb usually opposable.
  Example :- Monkeys, apes and man

Sub-order 1. Lemuroidea

1. 1. 1. Head without snout.
      2. Some. toes. with claws, others with flat nails.
      3. Tail prehensile.
         Example :- Lemur (Nycticebus, Loris), tree shrew
         (Tupaia).

Sub-order 2. Anthropoidea

1. 1. 1. Cranium enlarged. Cerebral hemispheres extend over cerebellum.
      2. Eyes directed forwards. Vision binocular.
         Example :- New world and old world monkeys, apes and Man. Squirrel monkey (Saimiri), Spider monkey (Ateles), Marmoset (Callithrix), Rhesus monkey (Macacca), Baboon (Papio), Langur (Presbytis), Gibbon (Hylobates), Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), Oranguttan, Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and Man (Homo sapiens)

Order 7. Rodentia

• Gnawing mammals. Incisors chisel-like. No canines.
• Gap between incisors and cheek teeth.
  Example :- Squirrel (Funambulus), Black rat (Rattus rattus), White rats (Albino rats), Mouse (Mus musculus), Porcupine (Hystrix), Guinea pig (Castor)

Order 8. Lagomorpha

• Diastema and cheek pouches present.
• Weak temporal muscles.
  Example :- Hare (Lepus nigricolis), Rabbit (Oryctolagus ruficaudatus)

Order 9. Carnivora

• Small to large carnivores. 5 toes with claws.
• Canines as fangs. Placenta Zonary.
  Example :- Wolf (Canis lupus), Polar bear (Ursus), Domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Panda (Allurus), Common mongoose (Herpestes mungo), Lion (Panthera leo), Tiger (leo tigris), House cat (Felis domesticus), Seals (Phoca), Fox (Vulpes)

Order 10. Cetacea

• Medium to largest size. Body spindle-shaped. Head long pointed, directly joined to body. No neck.
• Forelimbs paddle-like Digits embedded. No claws.
  Example :- Whales. Blue whale (Balaenoptera), Sperm whale (Physeter catodon), Porpoise (Phocaena), Dolphin (Jelphinus delphis)

Order 11. Sirenia

• Body spindle-shaped, forelimbs paddle like. Hind limbs absent.
• No pinna. Muzzle blunt, mouth small, lips fleshy.
  Example :- Dugong (Dugong dugong), Manatees (Trichechus).

Order 12. Proboscidea

• Massive size, head large, ears broad and flat, neck short and body huge.
• Legs pillar-like.
• Nose and upperlip a long flexible muscular probosis with nostrils at tip.
  Example :- Elephants (Elephas indicus).

Order 13. Perissodactyla

• Foot with odd number of toes, each ensheathed in cornified hoof. Functional axis of leg passing through middle (3rd toe).
• Stomach simple.
  Example :- Horse (Equus), Tapirs (Tapirus), Donkey Ass (Equus asinus), Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros)

Order 14. Artiodactyla

• Even-toed hoofed mammals. Hoofs cornified. Axis of leg between toes.
• Antlers or horns on head. Stomach with 4 compartments.

Sub-order 1. Suifonnes

1. 1. 1. Teeth 38-44. Canines enlarged as curved tusks.
      2. Limbs short.
         Example :- Peccaries, Pigs, Warthogs and Hippopotamus. Old world pig (Sus scrofa), Wart hog (Phacochoesus), New world pig (Tayassu tajacu), Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)

Sub-order 2. Tylopoda

1. 1. 1. Feet soft without hoof.
      2. Hump present.
      3. Stomach with 4 parts.
         Example :- Camels. One-humped Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus)

Sub-order 3. Ruminantia

1. 1. 1. Intermediate between pigs and camels. 34 upper canines present.
      2. Stomach with 3 parts.
         Example :- Nilgai (Bos dophis), Buffalo (Bos bubalus), Cow (Bos Indian), Musk deer (Moschus), Chineese water deer (Hydropotes), European red deer (Odocoileus), Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis), Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), Water buffalow (Bubalus bubalis), Antelope.